Effects of salt stress on different maize genotypes braz. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling growth and. Plants sensitive or tolerant to salinity differ in the rate at which salt reaches toxic levels in leaves. Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth annual. Effect of salt stress on seed germination and seedling. Plant salt stress is a condition where excessive salts in soil solution cause inhibition of plant growth or plant death. Publications a variety of sorghum, sensitive to salinity, growing in sand culture and watered with a nutrient solution containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. All living things need a certain amount of salt for survival. Plants take in nutrients through their roots systems.
On a world scale, no toxic substance restricts plant growth more than does salt. Effects of salt stress on plants reproduced from 21. Salt stress has a major impact on plant growth and crop production, pointing to the importance of understanding the mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. The recently developed cultivars form a much diversed genetic base and may therefore possess a wider range of salts stress tolerance. Salinity not only decreases the agricultural production of most crops, but also, effects soil physicochemical properties, and ecological balance of the area. Salt stress affects almost all aspects of biological processes, including the growth of the plant, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and the metabolism of protein and phospholipid. The effect of nacl stress on spermidine content was similar, but generally more moderate, resulting in an increased putrescinespermidine ratio in salt. The ability of plants to cope with salinity stress is an important determinant of crop distribution.
Before showing the slide, ask students to think about what plants need for life, and to predict how a tomato plant exposed to salt will fare. Salt tolerant rootstocks alleviate the negative effects of abiotic stress to a greater extent than salt sensitive rootstocks. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling growth and acid. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants. This situation has been further worsened by anthropogenic activities. Studies have shown that photosynthetic efficiency and transpiration rates decrease under water, salt, and heat stress when applied individually or in combination arbona et al. In this article we will discuss about the effect of salt stress on plants. Many have toxic effects on the functioning of cells by affecting protein synthesis, enzyme functions and poor rate of photosynthesis. The first obvious effect of water stress is wilting because turgor pressure, which inflates plant cells and keeps them erect, is lost.
Effects of salt stress on plant growth characteristics and mineral. Plants can achieve resistance to salt stress either by tolerating the stress or by avoiding it. Salt stress presents an increasing threat to plant agriculture. Differences in sensitivity towards salt stress led to the classification of 15 local genotypes out of 20 as sensitive classes 3, 4 and 5. Effect of salinity stress on the morphology and physiology.
Azadirachta indica, cassia fistula, catharanthus roseus, aloe barbadensis, and ocimum sanctum were selected for our study and there biochemical. Munns and tester 2008 defined three distinct responses of plants to high salinity. The production of crop is low in saline soil due to salt toxicity which interferes with nutrient uptake. The objective was to study whether the germination and seedling growth were inhibited by the salt toxicity or osmotic effect during the development.
The combined effects of salinity and water stress on the. The present study was designed to study the effect of salinity on seed germination, seedling growth and acid phosphatase activities in romaine and vista. A twophase model describing the osmotic and ionic effects of salt stress was proposed by munns 1995. All the plants have grown for the same length of time. Effect of salt stress on plant development salt stress affects every aspect of plant development from. Excessive amounts of salt have adverse effects on animals and plants alike. Carbohydrate metabolism, rice, salinity stress, salt tolerant salinity is a major environmental stress affecting plant productivity and constitutes a problem concerning many areas, with an emphasis on regions with hot and dry climates.
Effect of salt stress on some chemical components and yield. Effect of salinity on tomato lycopersicon esculentum mill. Stomatal responses are undoubtedly induced by the osmotic effect of the salt outside the roots munns and tester, 2008. Recent research demonstrates that salt stress modulates the levels of a number of gene products. Considering the devastating effect of salt stress on plants, one of the important tasks for plant biologists is to explore the approaches that are able to develop salt tolerance in crop plants. The effect of water stress on plants home guides sf gate. Effect of salinity stress on growth and carbohydrate. Effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat. Contrasting responses of photosynthesis to salt stress in the. Jan 15, 2016 deicing salts can cause injury and contribute to the decline and death of landscape plants. Arabidopsis showed a much higher sensitivity to salt than thellungiella. Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of.
Effects of salinity stress and salicylic acid on growth parameters of pepper plants. Introduction salinity stress is one of the most deleterious abiotic stress factors that affect the growth, productivity and physiology of plants. Table 7 demonstrates the effect of salt stress, using different concentrations of sodium chloride, on the chlorophyll content of the bean plants under study, including chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll. Effect of salt stress on the vegetative and reproductive. Comparison between the water and salt stress effects on plant. The effect of salts stress on plant height is shown in table 4 plant height recorded at flag leaf stage was significantly p plants grown in all salt treatments were significantly p effects of abiotic stress on plants. It would depend on the time of year the fl ood event occurs, duration of the fl ood event, species sensitivity to fl ooding, and type of soil the plants are growing in. Reynolds, 1975, but the nature of its effect is unknown. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, antioxidant capacity. Effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves in two contrasting corn, lluteno and jubilee libertad carrascorios1, and manuel pinto2 salinity is an important problem to crop production. Plant growthpromoting effect of plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria pgpr strain pseudomonas fluorescens wcs417r on. The inhibitory effect of salinity stress is largely due to the ionic and osmotic stress 3. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and solute accumulation of different maize genotypes.
A stress induced negative effect on any component in these systems may lead to a reduction in the overall photosynthetic performance. Acid phosphatase activity is known to contribute to resistance under salt and water stress by maintaining a certain level of inorganic phosphate. The effects of such a stress may become obvious over weeks. When plants are under salt stress, flow of water into the plant is reversed and it causes ion imbalance. Among this study investigated that the overall showed better tolerance to salt stress with a lesser extent of antagonistic effect of nacl on germination and biomass production at.
In areas of high salinity, plants absorb large amounts of salt, which disrupts their cellular function. Results showed that its dry biomass was reduced by salt treatments except 25 mm. Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of bean plant vicia faba l. Abstractwhen rice is grown under moderate salinity 6 ds m. Agricultural productivity is severely affected by high soil salinity and is responsible for decline in soil fertility throughout the world. Effects of salicylic acid on growth, yield and chemical. Euhalophythes plants growing in saline habitats can cope with the effects of salt stress by developing different resistance mechanisms. Effects of salinity on flowering, morphology, biomass. The results show an inverse relationship between salt concentration and chl.
In spite of the negative effects of salt on roots, the root growth in tomato appears to be less affected whereas, shoot was affected drastically, so that, the dry weight ratio was higher in plant grown under salt stress than in control environment. The effects of salt stress on plant growth semantic scholar. Tahir nuclear institute for agriculture and biology, faisalabad, pakistan abstract. Effect of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth of three salinity plants. This study was to investigate the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, rhizoglomus intraradices on plant growth, root morphology, leaf relative water content rwc, and. Agricultural crops exhibit a spectrum of responses under salt stress. The effects of two soil salinities 1gkg and 6gkg and two water stress levels 60% and 80% of the field capacity on growth and yield parameters of meiguo903 tomato were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Effect of environmental salt stress on plants and the. Effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat triticum aestivum l. It can be concluded that salt reduces the water potential of soil solution, which prevents the supply of water by plants. It is estimated that more than 30 percent of irrigated soil in india has been affected by high soil salinity.
The effects of shortterm salt stress on gas exchange and the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport were examined in arabidopsis arabidopsis thaliana and its salt tolerant close relative thellungiella thellungiella halophila. Young 12dold or older 4weekold plants were transferred to liquid feenstra medium 24 h before the induction of salt stress. Salt stress in plants signalling, omics and adaptations. Plants withstand these stresses by modulating certain biochemical pathways. The identification of genes whose expression enables plants to adapt to or tolerate salt stress is essential for breeding programs, but little is known about the genetic mechanisms for salt tolerance. Disruption of the proteinfolding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum er induces the accumulation of unfolded protein and er stress, which activates an unfolded protein response upr. The question is often raised, how long can my plants tolerate their roots being submerged. These plants can regulate their salt content in the following ways for more information, please consult 15. Salt damage occurs on plants when salt is deposited by spray from passing cars on stems and buds of deciduous woody plants and on stems, buds, leaves and. Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of bean. Pdf salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop production especially.
The interactions of salts with mineral nutrition may result in nutrient imbalances and deficiencies. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response. Plant parasitic nematodes and food security in subsaharan africa. The potential role of seed priming with ascorbic acid and. Therefore, there is a much scientific saddle on researchers to enhance crop productivity under environmental stress in order to cope with the increasing food demands. Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content. A fundamental biological understanding and knowledge of the effects of salt stress on plants is necessary to provide additional information for the dissection of the plant response to salinity and try to find future applications for ameliorating the impact of salinity on plants, improving the performance of species important to human health and. According to munns 11, salt stress decreases growth in most plants, including halophytes.
It is known that the effect of salts on plants leads to physiological drought. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on the germination of. There are contradictory reports in the literature as to the relative sensitivity of germination and seedling growth to salt stress. Students predict the effect of salt on tomato plants. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt tolerant and salt sensitive plants. Physiological effects of salt stress on crop plants. The impact of salts on plants and how to reduce plant. Abstract to obtain more information about the effect of salt stress on potato production, the effects on emergence, growth and yield, carbohydrate and mineral contents, and nitrate reductase nr activity of potato plants solanum tuberosum l. The higher the salt and osmotic stress concentrations the lower was the germination. The results designates that salinity influences almost every parameter of plant growth, which concludes that salt stress has an antagonistic effect on plant growth. Plants in salt stress condition require a tight nutrition dose to maintain their normal physiol. Pdf the effect of sodium chloride nacl concentrations 0.
High salt concentrations decrease the osmotic potential of soil solution, creating a water stress in plants and severe ion toxicity. High concentration of salt in the soil or in the irrigation water can have a overwhelming effect on plant metabolism, disrupting cellular homeostasis and uncoupling major physiological and biochemical processes. Salinity cause both osmotic stress and ionic toxicity which hamper the plant productivity by inhibiting. Bean plants were able to grow normally at salinity levels below 50 mm nacl but when subjected to higher salt concentrations both genotypes. Irrigation with saline water has different effects on plant growth.
Saline soils possess high levels of sodium and chloride contents and thus exert adverse abiotic stress on plants. Plants cultivated on soil were challenged for 2 weeks with nacl. Effect of salt stress on ion concentration, proline content. Effects of nacl on seed germination in some species from. Salt specifically affects a layer of tissue within the branching root system of plants that causes the release of a stress hormone that inhibits root growth. In plants, too much salt can interfere with photosynthesis, the method by which plants make and store their food supply. At the whole plant level, the effect of stress is usually perceived as a decrease in photosynthesis and growth. Also the positive effect of sa on stem diameter of tomato plant could be. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators, fertilizers, osmoprotectants and antioxidants have been reported to successfully alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on plants 4,5. Effects of salt and alkali stresses on germination, growth. The environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as well as crop productivity.
Publications a variety of sorghum, sensitive to salinity, growing in sand culture and watered with a nutrient solution containing increasing concentrations of. The effect of salt stress on polyamine biosynthesis and. Salt stress reduced plant growth of all genotypes but the genotypes br5033 and br5011 were characterized as the most salt tolerant and salt sensitive, respectively. Salt stress is one of the most important environmental stress factors that decreases the yield and productivity of crops munns, 2002. Pdf effect of salt stress on plant growth and free. Effect of salinity on chlorophyll concentration, leaf area.
Khao dawk mali 105 salt sensitive, luang anan moderately salt tolerant and pokkali salt tolerant2,12. Effect of salt stress on plants university of liverpool. However, an understanding of the impacts salts have on plants and salt application management strategies can help to protect plants or reduce plant injury due to salt. Factorial experiment with two factors was conducted to study the effect of radish seeds raphanus sativus l. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. To counteract the salt mediated oxidative stress, plants upregulate antioxidative enzymes and production of small nonenzymatic molecules e. Effects of salinity and drought on growth, ionic relations. Effects of salinity and drought on nerium oleander l. By following carotene content during exposure of the bean plants to salt stress, it appears from table 8 that salt stress was an inhibiting factor for the formation of carotenes inside the stressed plants at the first stage of measurement after 10 days of treatment, where the carotene content decreased. Effect of salinity on chlorophyll concentration, leaf area, yield and yield components of rice genotypes grown under saline environment y. Drought and salt stress, together with low temperature, are the major problems for agriculture because these adverse environmental factors prevent plants from realizing their full genetic potential. The reduction in growth and yield varies between cultivars and salt concentrations of the medium 10. The activity of both enzymes was inhibited in salt.
Total carbohydrate, fatty acid and protein content were adversely affected due to salinity effect, but increased the level of amino acids, particularly proline. The responses to salt stress comprise of wide range of changes at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. The atgstu17 mutants exhibit a reduced water loss and smaller stomatal aperture as a reduction in stomatal pore aperture size mediated by aba is a critical aspect of the response of plants to drought stress, we speculated that the en. Nacl stress, possibly combined with other types of stress that accompanied the experimental conditions, resulted in organ. Salt stress is a major environmental factor which prevents crop plants from attaining their full genetic potential, therefore, salt stress in beans induces several growth limitation gama et al. When salt stress occurs, the osmotic pressure of the soil. The content of some secondary plant products is significantly higher in plants grown under salt stress than in those cultivated in normal conditions. Salt stress afflicts plant agriculture in many parts of the world, particularly irrigated land. Salinity imposes negative effect on the plant growth by decreasing leaf water potential, inducing morphological and physiological changes, production o. Together, these effects reduce plant growth, development and survival. Fulltext effect of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth of three salinity plants. Plants are able to take up water and essential minerals because they have a higher water pressure than the soil under normal conditions. Mechanisms of acclimation or adaptation to water and salt stress drought and soil salinity are among the most damaging abiotic stresses affecting todays ag. The most dramatic and readily measurable whole plant response to salinity is a decrease in stomatal aperture.
Salinity induces osmotic and ionic imbalance inside plant s cell, thus affecting plant growth and metabolism. So the study is related to effect of salt stress on our selected medicinal plants which may help upto some extent for their cultivation. One of the most detrimental effects of salinity stress is the accumulation of na. High concentrations of salt ions have been found in the cytosol of salt exposed plants. All these changes in plant growth are responses to the osmotic effect of the salt, and are similar to drought responses.
Stomatal response of the salt tolerant genotype was not affected by salinity. Therefore, salt stress seems to negatively affect tomato growth and would be expected to cause significant crop yield losses. Salt stress occurs from both osmotic stress due to low water potentials and salt specific effects, for this beyond the water restrictions, salt stressed plants have to develop conditions to tolerate the toxic effects caused by ion accumulation, which could affect all aspects of plant metabolism. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, antioxidant. Drought and salt stress tolerance of an arabidopsis. Pdf effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of bean. A randomized complete block design experiment with three treatments and four replications was conducted. Ascorbic acid and it s effects on alleviation of salt. The present study was designed to study the effect of salinity on seed germination, seedling growth and acid phosphatase activities in. Pdf effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism. Furthermore, gts are specialized hairs found on plant aerial parts and are responsible for large portions of the plant s secondary chemistry 26. Effect of salt stress on antioxidant enzymes and lipid. Among the studied parameters, shoot to root dry mass ratio, leaf sodium content and leaf soluble organic solute content showed no relation with salt tolerance, i.
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